Oncology: Diagnosis of clinical cases

Abstract

Cancer develops from genetic mutations, intrinsic and extrinsic epigenetic modifications, and tools such as
the Hallmarks to achieve its main objective, which is to develop metastasis. The incidence of developing
cancer in small animals is typically after 8 years of age, but brachycephalic breeds such as English Bulldogs,
French Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, and Boxers tend to present cancer at a younger age, usually before 6
years old. Among the most common tumors in this group of breeds are cutaneous mast cell tumors,
lymphomas, and chemodectomas. Interestingly, in the case of English Bulldogs, they have developed a
syndrome known as polyclonal lymphocytosis specific to the breed. Regarding chemodectomas, this group
of breeds is prone to developing cardiac tumors, and one of the possible causes is hypoxia and metabolic
alterations secondary to the obstructive syndrome they experience.