Hacen falta estudios con mayor población vegana para analizar diferencias entre estos beneficios y los
presentados exclusivamente en este tipo de población.
Palabras claves: Nutrición, alimentación vegana, alimentación vegetariana, alimentación basada en
plantas, déficit de nutrientes.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In our country, the vegetarian population has an increasing trend. The eating patterns
in this case can be very varied, depending on what types of food are chosen to consume, and range from
the occasional consumption of meat to the non-consumption or use for any purpose of animals and
derivatives. In this study, we will classify the population into: Vegans: they have not consumed meats of
any kind, neither dairy, or eggs in the last 6 months.
Vegetarians: They have not consumed meats of any kind in the last 6 months. But they consumed dairy and
eggs with any frequency.
In Argentina, according to the 2019 National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNyS 2019), eating patterns
have worsened in recent decades. Inadequate nutrition generates increasing numbers of overweight and
obesity, which represents a serious public health problem in the country.
Most Nutrition Societies in the world agree that properly planned vegetarian and vegan diets can provide
health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.
Critical nutrients are considered in this type of diet: Proteins, iron, calcium, zinc, omega 3, vitamin B12,
Vitamin D and Iodine.
OBJECTIVE: With this study we intend to answer if it is possible a vegetarian diet in this population that
does not cause nutrient deficit and can have positive repercussions on the lipid profile and body composition
with respect to the omnivorous population.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analytical observational study. Population: Vegetarians
over 18 years of age from Santiago del Estero who attended a medical consultation between July 2020 and
December 2021. Intentional sampling. Sample size: 38 subjects. It was taken from the Medical Records:
BMI, lipid profile and nutrients.
RESULTS: 38 patients were enrolled in the present study. Overweight was found in 21% and obesity in
4% of the subjects. Total cholesterol was normal in 86% of cases, while HDL was normal in 100% and
LDL in 93%. Hemoglobin was low in 32% of cases, more often in vegetarians than vegans. Vitamin B12
was below normal levels in 41% of the subjects, most of them unsuppleated. Vitamin D was low in 82% of
the subjects, who were not supplemented.
CONCLUSIONS: Vegetarian subjects have mostly normal BMI levels and lipid profile. Hemoglobin and
Ferritin levels were low in a considerable number of subjects. A significant deficit of Vitamin B12 and
Vitamin D was found, which shows the importance of their supplementation.
Vegetarian diet with adequate supplement would be a good option in this population, to improve risk factors
for chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as BMI and lipid profile.
Studies with a larger vegan population are needed to analyze differences between these benefits and those
presented exclusively in this type of population.
Keywords: Nutrition, vegan diet, vegetarian diet, plant-based diet, nutrient deficit.
Introducción
En los últimos años es evidente la tendencia
creciente a la elección de alimentos de origen
vegetal en contraposición de los de origen
animal. Esto se debe a cuestiones ideológicas,
éticas, medioambientales y también por su
asociación con mejoras a nivel salud, calidad de
vida y hasta rendimiento fÃsico. Los patrones
alimentarios en este caso pueden ser muy
variados, dependiendo de qué tipos de alimentos
se elijan consumir, y van desde el consumo
ocasional de carne hasta el no consumo ni uso
con ningún fin de animales y derivados. En
nuestro paÃs, la última encuesta de la Unión
Vegana Argentina arrojó que la población
vegetariana del paÃs en el año 2020 corresponde
al 12%, esto es mayor al 9% registrado en el año
2019, y esta tendencia en aumento es la misma
que se puede ver a nivel mundial
1
.
En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, la nutrición
basada en plantas se convirtió en un tema de
investigación cientÃfica formal. El intento de
identificar las dietas más beneficiosas para los